William Cooper's timeline

1933- at 72 years of age, William Cooper left his beloved home to go to Melbourne, as residence on the reserve made him ineligible for the old-age pension.

1934- has a group became the nucleus for the Australian Aborigines' League, which was formalised to plan action on behalf of Aboriginal people

1938- William Cooper with Bill Ferguson of the Aborigines Progressive Association, planned a 'Day of Mourning' as the same day of celebrations  mark the sesqui-centenary of the arrival of the British. 

Nelson Mandela"s time line,turning points and achievements

Time line

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• 1918- born at Qunu, 
• 1944- helped found the ANC Youth League
• 1949- Programme of Action was adopted by the ANC 
• 1952- instrumental in pushing the ANC into more direct action 
• 1952- opened the first Black Law firm in South Africa.
• 1962- arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the notorious Robben Island prison
• 1900- release 
• 1993- awarded the Nobel Peace Prize
• 1994- inaugurated as the first democratically elected State President of South Africa 

Turning points

• When his father died, Mandela and was groomed for becoming chief of his local tribe. 
• Whilst at university Nelson Mandela became increasingly aware of the unjust nature of South African Society. The majority of Black South Africans had little opportunities either Economic or Political. 
• Mandela became involved in politics, and along with his good friend and comrade Oliver Tambo was expelled from Fort Hare for organising a student strike.
• In 1944 Mandela helped found the ANC Youth League, whose Programme of Action was adopted by the ANC in 1949. 
• By the late 50s the S.A.state had become increasingly repressive making it more difficult for the ANC to operate. Mandela had to resign from the ANC and work underground.
• However in 1960 the Sharpeville massacre of 63 black South African’s changed the whole political climate. South Africa was increasingly isolated on the international scene and the government banned the ANC. This led Mandela to advocate armed struggle through the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK).
• 1962 Mandela had been arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the notorious Robben Island prison
• Towards the end of his prison spell his treatment improved as the South African establishment increasingly looked to negotiation, in the face of international isolation.
• Although negotiations were painfully slow and difficult, they eventually led to Mandela’s release in 1990.
• The next 4 years were also difficult as South African society suffered inter cultural violence between ANC and Inkarta supporters, in addition to slow progress on a new constitution.
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Achievements

• Mandela was able to finish his degree and qualified as a Lawyer.
• In 1952 Mandela and Tambo opened the first Black Law firm in South Africa. The Transvaal Law Society tried to have it closed down, although this was blocked by the South African Supreme Court.
• In the late 50s (56 ‒61) there was an extremely lengthy Treason Trial in which Mandela and several others were charged with treason. Conducting their own defence they eventually proved to be victorious.
• He helped to keep other Men’s spirits high and never compromised his political principles when offered earlt release
• on 10 May 1994 Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first democratically elected State President of South Africa on and was President until June 1999.
• As president, Mandela presided over the transition from minority rule and apartheid. His advocacy of reconciliation led to international acclaim and importantly the trust of the White African population.
• Since retiring from office Nelson Mandela has continued to be an international figure of great stature.
• He is widely admired and has received many prestigious awards.
• Nelson Mandelais also associated with many educational programmes and initiatives such as Make Poverty History Campaign.
• In 1993 Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prizejointly with F.W. De Klerk

Fred Hollows" s time line

1929- Born in New Zealand

1960- Fred got a job in Australia

1965- Head of the Eye Department at a Sydney hospital.

1970-Helped launch a national program to attack eye disease in Aboriginal Australians

1980-Travelling all over the world to help set up eye health programs in developing   countries

1989-Had a cancer. 

1993-Died